Laws of physics to patents and trademarks

Boris Golja

Where do you work?

I’m a co-owner of Golja Haines & Friend – an independent practice of patent and trade mark attorneys based in Perth, Western Australia.

I have a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Western Australia, majoring in physics.

What do you do?

Primarily, my role involves applying for and obtaining patent, trade mark and design rights for clients in Australia, New Zealand and other countries. 

I also become involved if someone infringes one of my client’s rights or if one of my clients is accused of infringing someone else’s patent, trademark or design rights. 

One of the key functions in my role is writing patent specifications.  A patent specification is a document that describes the main aspects of the invention that are sought to be patented and is written from both technical and legal standpoints. 

The starting point in writing a patent specification is obtaining the relevant information about the invention from the inventor/s. This can involve in-person meetings with the inventor/s, who sometimes provide a physical sample of a protype of the invention, on-site meetings to view inventions such as in the case of large-sized protypes, as well as communication by telephone and written electronic communication. 

Another key function of a patent attorney is the assessment of the current state-of-the-art (the “prior art” in patent parlance) in the field of an invention and how an invention differs from the prior art.

I must also formulate submissions to the Patent Office in relation to the inventive merits of the invention over the prior art. This involves distinguishing the invention from the prior art, based on its inventive aspects within the framework of established legal principles – such submissions are almost exclusively in writing.     

How do you use your physics training in your current role?

To become registered as a patent attorney you’ll need an appropriate academic qualification (in a field of science or technology that produces inventions that can be patented) so my physics degree was essential. 

In addition, you need to gain an accreditation in patent, trademarks and design law and practice and 2-years of appropriate employment experience in patent practice.       

As a patent attorney, I’ve dealt with inventions in a broad range of technologies. 

Physics training is used here on several levels – firstly, to understand the nature of inventions in the more specialised fields that I’ve encountered, for example, telecommunications, spectrometry and laser technology. 

However, it comes into play generally, in identifying and understanding the fundamental physical principles at work in all inventions.  More broadly, physics training provides a grounding in analytical skills and the ability to assess critically.

It’s important to have strong analytical skills to identify and prioritise the main aspects and features of an invention.  This is essential so as to present the invention in the patent specification in a manner that will maximise the value of the patent to the patent owner. 

My career advice

Keep an open mind when you’re considering your career options, particularly if you are at an early stage of career development.  You may well be surprised by some of the opportunities that can present themselves.

You can find out more about the patent and trademark attorney profession from these sources:

The Trans-Tasman IP Attorneys Board: https://www.ttipattorney.gov.au

The Institute of Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys of Australia: https://ipta.org.au

“What are we willing to risk to save the planet?”

Dr Ann Thresher

Where do you work?

I’m an environmental ethicist and philosopher of science, working as a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford University.

The big question that drives a lot of my work is, ‘What are we willing to risk to save the planet?’ As the environmental crisis gets more extreme, so too do the interventions we need to perform to solve it. Along with the benefits, these new technologies also tend to come with increased risks, and a lot of complex ethical questions about who gets to decide what risks are worth taking, and who and what we’re willing to risk.

Should we perform geo-engineering to block solar radiation? What are the potential issues surrounding genetically modifying invasive species to wipe them out? What about modifying crops to make them more resistant to weeds? Or artificially migrating species to new locations that are more friendly to them in a post-climate change world?

I work a lot on the ethical and value structures surrounding these emerging environmental technologies and techniques, figuring out how to deploy them in ways that give the greatest benefits while also respecting our ethical obligations to people, communities, animals, and ecosystems.

Because my work is so grounded in the science, I work a lot with researchers, co-authoring papers, sitting in lab meetings, and otherwise collaborating on the ethical topics of emerging sustainability projects.

I also work in the policy space, thinking about how to govern these new technologies, taking scientific possibility and translating it through to just and ethical application.

In addition to my projects at Stanford, I lead a working group of humanities scholars, social scientists, astronomers and engineers based at Harvard who are trying to figure out better siting practices for telescopes.

Physics, and science more broadly, has a history of not considering the historic, environmental, or social factors associated with where experiments are built, often to the detriment of both local communities and the projects. As a member of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope collaboration, I work with the siting teams to integrate responsible siting practices into the decision of where to build their future telescopes and how to engage with the local communities and ecosystems in ways that are mutually beneficial for everyone.

What type of physics did you train in?

I did a double degree at Sydney University. One degree was a BSc in physics, with a focus on general relativity, and the other was a BA in philosophy with a focus on metaphysics. I basically wanted to know how the world worked, and those two degrees seemed the best positioned to give me answers. I took several further general relativity classes during my PhD in philosophy.

How did physics get you into your current role?

As a undergraduate student, I loved both my physics and my philosophy classes, so when I was introduced to the philosophy of physics – a field almost entirely populated by escaped physicists who now spend all their time working on the fundamental aspects of physics and its underpinning mathematical structures – I fell in love. It was the perfect combination of my two interests; I knew I didn’t want to work in a physics lab, and being in philosophy gave me much more flexibility about what questions I explored.

In particular, I became interested in the philosophy and physics of time; namely what exactly time is at a fundamental level, and what physics can tell us about the way we, as observers embedded in space-time, perceive and interact with temporal passage.

After finishing my undergraduate degrees, I did an honours year at Sydney in the History and Philosophy of Science on the philosophy of time. This, in turn, led to a PhD at the University of California San Diego in Philosophy, where I worked on how non-compact global space-time structures affected simultaneity relations. 

At the same time as I was working on the philosophy of physics, however, I encountered philosophers working on broader questions that also excited me. One of my supervisors, Nancy Cartwright, encouraged me to think about the way science works, and what makes scientific results more or less trustworthy.

Eventually Nancy, myself, and several other philosophers of science, published a book on the topic - The Tangle of Science – which came out earlier this year with Oxford University Press.

My other PhD supervisor, Craig Callender, is a well-known philosopher of time. He’s also, however, deeply passionate about applied ethics, and in particular the ethics of science and technology.

While working with him, I ended up writing a paper on the ethics of using gene-drives to control invasive species, and became deeply interested in the risks and benefits of emerging technologies. As part of that, I got to see what a big difference ethicists could make in the emerging technology space, and how much work needed to be done.

Eventually, several years into my PhD, Craig asked me whether I was sure I wanted to write my thesis in the philosophy of physics, or if I might actually be happier doing environmental work.

I immediately had an identity crisis.

I’d always conceptualised myself as a physicist at heart, just one working in a philosophy department. To give that up, even for something as interesting as environmental ethics work, was a major change and one I spent a long time agonising over. Eventually, however, I realised that what I really wanted was to make a difference, and that environmental ethics was both deeply interesting, and pressingly important.

Craig later admitted to me that the question about changing my dissertation was a throwaway line he didn’t expect me to actually take seriously.

So I became a philosopher of science and an environmental ethicist. In many ways it brought me full-circle back to my childhood. Both of my parents are scientists. My mum used to be an oceanographer, helping monitor global ocean temperature change, and my dad worked on a range of topics surrounding invasive species and ecological change. They were the reason I wanted to be a scientist in the first place, and why I did my physics degree. Now, however, I find myself having deep conversations with both of them about climate change, invasive species control, and our ethical obligations towards the environment.

I love where I’ve ended up, the sustainability space is fast-moving and fascinating, and there’s a lot that philosophy can contribute to conversations about science and policy moving forwards as we try to address the environmental crisis.

I haven’t given up on my physics work altogether – I now get to combine both my passions in my work as physics ethicist, working with researchers around the world on ways to make physics more environmentally friendly, and to figure out better ways to decide where to build telescopes, working with local communities to ensure the benefits of research are felt by everyone.

How do you use your physics training in your current role?

My science background makes a huge difference in my current work. It means I can engage with my science collaborators on a more equal footing, knowing how science works in the lab, and what to expect out of research. It also means they trust me more, and that I can make more-informed suggestions about how to ethically do science.

Was there a particular moment in time, when you realised your physics training has been valuable?

It’s a myriad of little moments. Being able to talk about general relativity with my astronomy collaborators, knowing how to efficiently parse science papers, being able to understand the complexities and nuances of what actually happens in research, rather than the sanitised version that often gets presented to the outside world, all of these, and more, are thanks to my background in physics.

There are a lot of career paths that flow out of a physics degree, and I never would have expected to end up where I am today. The trick, I’ve always found, was being open to opportunity, and willing to take risks on things that excite you.

From Latin to lasers and livestock: Lifetime AIP Fellow, Brian Orr

Emeritus Professor Brian Orr, b. 1942

My introduction to physics

In early secondary school, I planned to be a Latin teacher but then a classmate got me interested in electronics and chemistry sets.

I suppose I veered towards chemistry because my father was an electronics engineer and I didn’t want to end up too close to his area! Ironically, I have done a lot of electronics engineering in the course of my laser-based research career.

I took a science degree at the University of Sydney but majored in Chemistry, partly because I held a traineeship with a leading paint company. But I dropped out of distinction-level physics after 3 weeks because I was unimpressed by the teaching style.

After abandoning my aim to be an industrial chemist, I gained a prestigious scholarship at the University of Bristol in the UK that enabled me to take on a PhD in physical/theoretical chemistry.

I have always appreciated the precision and predictive capacities of physics and mathematics, and have applied these to molecular and optical problems.

My first physics job
My first genuine physics job was at the National Research Council of Canada in Ottawa, working in the molecular spectroscopy group headed by Gerhard Herzberg, who later won a Nobel Prize.

In both Bristol and Ottawa, I experienced the joys of working as part of a highly talented ‘international brigade’ with a wide range of skills and interests. That equipped me for my first permanent job late in 1969 as a Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at UNSW, back in my home city of Sydney, at a time when academic jobs were becoming scarce.

Memorable career moments

In 1964, a University Medal in chemistry launched me on my research career. My early research on molecular electro-optic properties allowed me to gain entry to the emerging field of nonlinear optics and to publish some highly cited research papers in that area, and on optically detected physical processes in molecules.

A memorable moment came in 1988, shortly after I became Professor of Chemistry at Macquarie University, when the University’s Centre for Lasers and Applications was awarded ‘Special Research Centre’ status, with Professor of Physics Jim Piper as its Director and myself as his deputy. This provided a significant research focus on laser science and engineering and on spin-off applications.

It has been highly satisfying – even if demanding at times – to be able to combine curiosity- and utility-motivated research with university teaching and administrative decision-making.

After 15 years as Professor of Chemistry at Macquarie University, I formally retired in 2002. At this time, I was fortunate to be made an Emeritus Professor and to establish an ongoing academic home in its Department of Physics. There, I have been able to remain active, interacting with many up-and-coming researchers, and to help the Centre for Lasers and Applications evolve in 2007 into the new MQ Photonics Research Centre.

I am fortunate to remain reasonably research active, with my current focus being on cost-effective laser-based techniques to remotely measure methane emissions from grazing livestock.

My career advice

Maintain a wide range of scientific interests and pursue their most challenging leads.

I am extremely grateful for the stimulating interactions that I have enjoyed with so many scientists, young and old, in physics and beyond.

“Physicists cannot be confined to a silo”

Benjamin Arrow

Where I work: I work at Calibration and Testing Services Pty Ltd, known as CATS, in Perth, WA.

What I do: I am the lead Metrologist and Quality Manager.

Day-to-day, I am responsible for ensuring that all our measurements are traceable to the SI units through an unbroken chain of calibrations of our reference equipment to primary standards. I ensure that all appropriate sources of measurement uncertainty are accounted for, because no measurement is meaningful without an understanding of the uncertainties involved.

I also handle odd and unique measurements and equipment that needs to be tested because I have a knack for breaking things down to fundamentals and seeing what is important and what is not.

 My Physics Background:

I completed my bachelor’s degree in physics and nanotechnology, with the majority of my studies done externally because I was a mature age student with a young family. Being the primary income earner meant cramming sessions at night, and much intake of coffee. I would have loved to go on to further studies and advance my physics knowledge by pursuing a doctorate, unfortunately doctorates don’t support young families, so that was not for me.

How physics has helped me get to where I am: 

Physics has supported the extension of my current role, although this role was not the reason for me pursuing physics. Originally, the reason for my studies was the amazing people at the SASR (Special Air Service Regiment) in Swanbourne. I worked as an electronics technician and wanted to contribute to the Australian Defence Force by working with the then, Defence Science and Technology Organisation or the Defence Intelligence Organisation. These organisations called specifically for physicists and mathematicians, so I enrolled.

I use my physics training to understand the requirements and factors involved in different types of measurements, breaking down seemingly-complex equipment to its fundamental levels. Physicists are strong mathematicians, and this has supported my ability to understand and apply statistical techniques for incorporating measurement uncertainties.

Physics opens doors like no other area of study, and physicists cannot be confined to a silo.  If you have anybody in your life that is considering studying physics, I say encourage them to do it.

Predicting Pandemics

“It turned out that the skills I had acquired in my Masters, such as describing real-world phenomena using equations, analysing data and coding, were applicable to mathematical modelling in other fields,”

Ada Yan

Where I work: I work as a virologist at Imperial College London.

What I do: I study how bird flu adapts to humans to better predict which bird flu strains might be likely to cause a pandemic.

My physics background:

I completed my Masters in theoretical condensed matter physics, improving phase retrieval algorithms for electron microscopy.

During my Masters, it became apparent that, while I enjoyed using mathematics to understand real-world phenomena, I would prefer other applications such as in biology.

I applied for a few PhD positions in biophysics, before stumbling upon an ad posted in the physics department, for a PhD position in mathematical modelling of infectious disease in the School of Public Health.

I was unaware that this field existed, but after meeting the team and doing some reading, I was hooked.

It turned out that the skills I had acquired in my Masters, such as describing real-world phenomena using equations, analysing data and coding, were applicable to mathematical modelling in other fields.

After my PhD, I took two postdoc positions in mathematical modelling of infectious disease and the immune response.  I became increasingly interested in how the experimental data I was analysing was generated.

I realised that if I were to one day lead projects and teams combining mathematics and biology, I would need to understand the world of biology more fully: which questions are at the cutting edge, what new technologies might help us understand them, and how experiments are designed and performed.

With support from my experimental collaborators, I applied for and received a fellowship, where I am performing my own experiments as well as analysing them using mathematical models.

How physics has helped me get to where I am:

In terms of technical skills, physics training gave me the analytic and computational tools required to analyse model equations and relate them to data.

The spread of infectious disease, whether between individuals or within a host, is ultimately a physical process, and the equations describing these processes can be analysed using the same methods as in physics.

But more importantly, physics training began my journey in learning the research process – planning a research project, forming hypotheses, designing and refining experiments (in the lab or in silico), reporting results and forming new research directions.

I have learnt to communicate new ideas with collaborators, form networks and develop resilience.

During the pandemic it became apparent that researchers from all disciplines were required to solve problems in infectious disease. The contribution of physicists was invaluable for understanding processes of aerosolisation, airflow and deposition to unravelling the structures of viral proteins.

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“Our customers like to break very expensive stuff and we like to fix it” 

“Physicists seem to have an open door into other disciplines due to the first principles approach that we all learn early on.”

Where I work:

Galactic® Co-operative and Galactic® Scientific

What I do:

I work at Galactic® Co-operative and Galactic® Scientific on lasers, robots, spectrometers and other fun things found in labs, control rooms or wherever technology concentrations occur.

After graduating and working in academia and the corporate world, I discovered meaningful work and workplaces were in very short supply. So, I decided to create a place where like-minded people could find meaningful work without being hampered.

Endeavouring to do as much good as possible, with the skillset and drive that I had, ideas became plans, words became actions, Galactic® Scientific and finally, Galactic® Co-operative was born. Mission accomplished!

Galactic® Co-operative is the umbrella organisation for Galactic® Scientific where, as the Lead Physicist, I help our team of physicists and engineers to provide technical expertise and empower lab operators, physicists, chemists and laboratory managers to get the most out of their fleets of scientific instruments and associated devices.

In short, our customers like to break very expensive stuff and we like to fix it.

Our co-operative is also a worker-owned co-operative so the governance and planning of the day-to-day as well as future growth is a significant and rewarding part of what I do and share with our members.

My physics background: 

The nanotechnology degree was what initially attracted me to the discipline, which then morphed into a physics/chemistry double major. This led to the field of extraterrestrial mineralogy, cosmology, spectrometry and analytical chemistry.

How physics has helped me get to where I am: 

Building and running our business requires attention to evidence-based decision-making and a fearless approach to what may appear at first to be insurmountably complicated technology problems. With the proper mindset, these problems resolve into solvable puzzles custom-made for the enjoyment of the curious mind.

Physics, as the playground of the curious mind and tempered with the requirement of evidence, is the ideal prerequisite to running a technology business.

When confronted with the array of business methodologies, any physicist becomes immediately aware that the majority of businesses operate on opinion. Worse still, many businesses are steered by the opinions of the upper echelons of the hierarchy.

Deciding to operate as a worker-owned co-operative is an obvious improvement. More contributors bringing evidence to a decision will yield a better-quality result.

Consider the jar full of jellybeans. Ask one person, this could be the manager, how many jellybeans are in the jar, and a number will be forthcoming but ask many observers, and the average result will surely be an improvement on the manager's assessment.

What advice do you have for physicists contemplating their career trajectory? 

I encourage all Physicists and students to join the AIP and use it to remain connected to your physics community through events and participation on committees or taking office in the AIP. You will be glad you did. The rewards of service are manifold.

Also, I’d like to recommend existing AIP members take a good look at Fellowship. Becoming a Fellow opens previously unknown doors, and more importantly, helps you open doors for others.

Finally, if you have discovered a paucity of meaningful work and workplaces as I did, consider founding your own. Physicists are uniquely talented in what it takes to succeed, particularly when they cooperate.

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